University of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220171222Determining the Housing Affordability of Households Using Extended Linear Expenditure system
(case study: Iran urban areas in 1393)Determining the Housing Affordability of Households Using Extended Linear Expenditure system
(case study: Iran urban areas in 1393)1162250610.22108/ue.2017.79483.0FAJafarGhaderiShirazJournal Article20160820Abstract:To assess support housing policies, there is a need to determine the purchasing power of households. The housing affordability of each household is not only a function of household income, but is inversely related to household spending. In this paper, by using the extended linear expenditure system (ELES) and data revenue and expenditure of 18885 Iranian urban households in 2014, the average cost of a typical household has been set. By using the average cost of a typical household, the average income of households in each income decile, the average price per square meter of residential units and economic policies related to bank loans in the housing sector, the housing affordability in different income deciles is measured. <br /> Research findings show that in seven low-income deciles, the average minimum consumption expenditure is more than the average income. To cover the minimum expenses, these deciles have income deficit. In other words, these deciles have no surplus income to pay monthly installments for the purchase of housing. Surplus earnings of upper 3 deciles of income is not very noticeable and represents the country's low per capita income. This static research, shows how the reduce in the loan interest rate or increase the repayment period or reduce housing prices, the housing affordability of households increases and for households, the possibility of buying more area of housing provided.Abstract:To assess support housing policies, there is a need to determine the purchasing power of households. The housing affordability of each household is not only a function of household income, but is inversely related to household spending. In this paper, by using the extended linear expenditure system (ELES) and data revenue and expenditure of 18885 Iranian urban households in 2014, the average cost of a typical household has been set. By using the average cost of a typical household, the average income of households in each income decile, the average price per square meter of residential units and economic policies related to bank loans in the housing sector, the housing affordability in different income deciles is measured. <br /> Research findings show that in seven low-income deciles, the average minimum consumption expenditure is more than the average income. To cover the minimum expenses, these deciles have income deficit. In other words, these deciles have no surplus income to pay monthly installments for the purchase of housing. Surplus earnings of upper 3 deciles of income is not very noticeable and represents the country's low per capita income. This static research, shows how the reduce in the loan interest rate or increase the repayment period or reduce housing prices, the housing affordability of households increases and for households, the possibility of buying more area of housing provided.https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_22506_8b0a3763898178136acdea58a7047db8.pdfUniversity of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220180703Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty in Neighborhood Levels (case study: Mashhad city)Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty in Neighborhood Levels (case study: Mashhad city)17362272410.22108/ue.2018.108525.1049FAHosseinFarhadikhahPh.D. Student, Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHosseinHataminejadAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranArefShahiM.A. Student, Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMasoudZafariPh.D. Student, Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20171212Generally, in developing countries urban growth overtakes the governments and municipalities’ capacity to provide appropriate infrastructure and services for their population. This has caused problems such as urban poverty to be intestified, especially in large cities of such countries. Ofcourse, providing any solution for organizing and reducing urban poverty is subject to determining the levels of urban poverty and its distribution pattern. So, this study is trying to provide a spatial analysis of urban poverty for the neighborhoods of Mashhad. In this research, urban poverty has been investigated in the form of three social, economic and physical dimensions by 30 indicators and using the statistical blocks of the 2011 census. The weighting of the research indices was done using the AHP method. ARC GIS 10.3 has been used to display and analyze the urban poverty in the neighborhoods. The research results show that the distribution pattern of poor neighborhoods in Mashhad follows a cluster pattern. The distribution of urban poverty clusters shows that the largest cluster is concentrated in the eastern part of Mashhad, although there is a small cluster of poverty in the northern part of the city. On the other hand, urban poverty clusters have focused in marginal neighborhoods in Mashhad, which indicates the need for more attention to these neighborhoods.Generally, in developing countries urban growth overtakes the governments and municipalities’ capacity to provide appropriate infrastructure and services for their population. This has caused problems such as urban poverty to be intestified, especially in large cities of such countries. Ofcourse, providing any solution for organizing and reducing urban poverty is subject to determining the levels of urban poverty and its distribution pattern. So, this study is trying to provide a spatial analysis of urban poverty for the neighborhoods of Mashhad. In this research, urban poverty has been investigated in the form of three social, economic and physical dimensions by 30 indicators and using the statistical blocks of the 2011 census. The weighting of the research indices was done using the AHP method. ARC GIS 10.3 has been used to display and analyze the urban poverty in the neighborhoods. The research results show that the distribution pattern of poor neighborhoods in Mashhad follows a cluster pattern. The distribution of urban poverty clusters shows that the largest cluster is concentrated in the eastern part of Mashhad, although there is a small cluster of poverty in the northern part of the city. On the other hand, urban poverty clusters have focused in marginal neighborhoods in Mashhad, which indicates the need for more attention to these neighborhoods.https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_22724_a0224ea6fe34c4a0b99b5d79a1ba40c1.pdfUniversity of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220180925Penal Protection for Urban Environment in Criminal Law of IranPenal Protection for Urban Environment in Criminal Law of Iran37542104410.22108/ue.2016.21044FAAsgharAhmadiM.A in criminal law and criminology, Department of law, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranGhodrat AllahKhosroshahiAssistant Professor, Department of law, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranBagherShamlooAssociate professor, Faculty of law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160116In protecting important values of the society, legislators consider penal intervention and criminalization of behaviors that are in violation of that values. Urban environment is one of these values which is protected by the Iranian legislator’s penal law. In Iran's penal legislation policy, criminal protection of the urban environment has been considered in the form of criminalization of malicious behaviors against the trees, waste, air, water and soil besides noise pollution, and also anything known as a threat to public health. But when it comes to policy efficiency and effectiveness in Iranian penal system regarding urban environment, important challenges like dispersion and incoherence in penal regulations and the lack of alignment between them, appear. So, the present paper is trying to evaluate the legislator’s approach and challenges by analyzing documentary resources using analytic-descriptive research method.In protecting important values of the society, legislators consider penal intervention and criminalization of behaviors that are in violation of that values. Urban environment is one of these values which is protected by the Iranian legislator’s penal law. In Iran's penal legislation policy, criminal protection of the urban environment has been considered in the form of criminalization of malicious behaviors against the trees, waste, air, water and soil besides noise pollution, and also anything known as a threat to public health. But when it comes to policy efficiency and effectiveness in Iranian penal system regarding urban environment, important challenges like dispersion and incoherence in penal regulations and the lack of alignment between them, appear. So, the present paper is trying to evaluate the legislator’s approach and challenges by analyzing documentary resources using analytic-descriptive research method.https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_21044_739d858273b2910ce129b9c0e31bbf23.pdfUniversity of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220181114Studying the Instability Trend of Urban Housing Prices in IranStudying the Instability Trend of Urban Housing Prices in Iran55702305710.22108/ue.2018.107545.1035FAHosseinPanahiProfessor, Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranTavakkolAghayari HirAsistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law & Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranSeyed AliAleemranPh.D. in Economics, Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20171031The objective of this research is to study the instability trend of urban housing prices in Iran over the period of the first quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 2015. We have used EGARCH model to quantify the instability of urban housing prices. The results indicate that the volatility of urban housing prices has declined during the first quarter of 1996 to the second quarter of 1998, has been stabled since the third quarter of 1998 to the fourth quarter of 1999, but from the first quarter of 2000 it has experienced an increasing trend. The instability of urban housing prices has been reached to its maximum level, in the second quarters of 2008 and 2013. But comparing the two, the instability in the second quarter of 2013 was higher. <br /><strong>JEL Classifications</strong>: R31, C22, C13.The objective of this research is to study the instability trend of urban housing prices in Iran over the period of the first quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 2015. We have used EGARCH model to quantify the instability of urban housing prices. The results indicate that the volatility of urban housing prices has declined during the first quarter of 1996 to the second quarter of 1998, has been stabled since the third quarter of 1998 to the fourth quarter of 1999, but from the first quarter of 2000 it has experienced an increasing trend. The instability of urban housing prices has been reached to its maximum level, in the second quarters of 2008 and 2013. But comparing the two, the instability in the second quarter of 2013 was higher. <br /><strong>JEL Classifications</strong>: R31, C22, C13.https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_23057_df4f6013a24e50a88fae953abd2d8966.pdfUniversity of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220171222Evaluating Regional Development Policies Using Social Welfare Convergence of Iran’ Provinces: An Application of Nonlinear Spatial Error Econometric ModelEvaluating Regional Development Policies Using Social Welfare Convergence of Iran’ Provinces: An Application of Nonlinear Spatial Error Econometric Model71822311310.22108/ue.2018.102306.1014FAElhamVafaeiPh. D in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Business, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranParvizMohamadzadehAssociate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Business, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranHosseinAsgharpourAssociate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Business, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranFiroozFallahiAssociate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Business, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20170206The convergence of social welfare is one of the criteria for evaluating regional development policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the convergence of social welfare for evaluating regional development from 2000 to 2013. To this end, a nonlinear spatial error star econometrics technique is used to separate linear and nonlinear regimes. <br />According to the results, the provinces can be divided into two groups: in the first group of provinces, the social welfare growth is affected by the welfare of the regions themselves and spatial effects are not observed among them. In the second one, however, spatial effects are observed among the provinces, which include Qom, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars and Bushehr. Other provinces are in the first group. Moreover, the results show a convergence among the regions of the first group while there is no convergence among the second group. Therefore, Policies have failed to eliminate the regional inequalities and imbalances. <br /><strong>JEL Classifications: </strong>I31, C20, R12.The convergence of social welfare is one of the criteria for evaluating regional development policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the convergence of social welfare for evaluating regional development from 2000 to 2013. To this end, a nonlinear spatial error star econometrics technique is used to separate linear and nonlinear regimes. <br />According to the results, the provinces can be divided into two groups: in the first group of provinces, the social welfare growth is affected by the welfare of the regions themselves and spatial effects are not observed among them. In the second one, however, spatial effects are observed among the provinces, which include Qom, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars and Bushehr. Other provinces are in the first group. Moreover, the results show a convergence among the regions of the first group while there is no convergence among the second group. Therefore, Policies have failed to eliminate the regional inequalities and imbalances. <br /><strong>JEL Classifications: </strong>I31, C20, R12.https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_23113_310ef9089beb596a1fc855c5f751a65a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanUrban Economics2588-48672220190306Spatial Analysis of Access to Urban Public Services with Emphasis on the Local tax Management of Municipality (Case Study Tabriz)Spatial Analysis of Access to Urban Public Services with Emphasis on the Local tax Management of Municipality (Case Study Tabriz)83982342410.22108/ue.2018.103593.1020FAHoseinKarimzadehAssistant Professor, Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranRoghayehNasseryGraduating with an MA Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20170421The benefit model of local government says that individuals would be responsible for the cost of producing and procuring of public services, if they benefit from government services. while one of the failures in the financial and revenue system of the municipalities is that there are many services in cities which is not equally accessible to everyone and its distribution in different areas of the municipality is not the same. therefore, the main purpose of the paper is to determine the eligibility of tax due to the quality of access to services. This research based on the purpose is an applied research, and it essentially is an descriptive-analytic research and it is based on documentary studies, library and field studies. It has been widely used various types of GIS capabilities such as Spatial Analysis Tools and spatial statistical tests included Nearest Neighboring distance and Moran I index. Two types of relative and functional weight have been used in order to weigh the indicators and to evaluate the layers. Finally, the combined model of human development index HDI is used to interpret its results in order to use the scientific results of ZONAL analyzes. The results of two spatial statistics tests, the Nearest Neighboring distance and spatial dependency test of Moran I showed the spatial distribution pattern of public services has been clustered and heterogeneous in the city as well as the results of the surveys showed the quality of access of 75.5% of the city's total area of Tabriz city is in poor conditions and completely deprived and it means that space justice does not exist in the utilization of public services. with regards to levels of access for the fair financing of public services It is suggested that levels of privilege pay more taxes than deprived levels because they spend less time and money on access to services.
<strong> </strong>The benefit model of local government says that individuals would be responsible for the cost of producing and procuring of public services, if they benefit from government services. while one of the failures in the financial and revenue system of the municipalities is that there are many services in cities which is not equally accessible to everyone and its distribution in different areas of the municipality is not the same. therefore, the main purpose of the paper is to determine the eligibility of tax due to the quality of access to services. This research based on the purpose is an applied research, and it essentially is an descriptive-analytic research and it is based on documentary studies, library and field studies. It has been widely used various types of GIS capabilities such as Spatial Analysis Tools and spatial statistical tests included Nearest Neighboring distance and Moran I index. Two types of relative and functional weight have been used in order to weigh the indicators and to evaluate the layers. Finally, the combined model of human development index HDI is used to interpret its results in order to use the scientific results of ZONAL analyzes. The results of two spatial statistics tests, the Nearest Neighboring distance and spatial dependency test of Moran I showed the spatial distribution pattern of public services has been clustered and heterogeneous in the city as well as the results of the surveys showed the quality of access of 75.5% of the city's total area of Tabriz city is in poor conditions and completely deprived and it means that space justice does not exist in the utilization of public services. with regards to levels of access for the fair financing of public services It is suggested that levels of privilege pay more taxes than deprived levels because they spend less time and money on access to services.
<strong> </strong>https://ue.ui.ac.ir/article_23424_ac5d7ffa4bb4eaec09cf5704fe89c7a5.pdf